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Austro-Turkish War (1787–91)
The Austro–Turkish War of 1787 was an inconclusive struggle between the Austrian and Ottoman Empires. It took place concurrently with the Russo–Turkish War of 1787–1792.
==History==
The decision to launch the war was made by the Austrian ruler Joseph II, who was in an alliance at the time with the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great.〔Britannica, 1988〕 The Austrians entered this war in February 1788, though they had by now lost their best chance for an easy victory.〔 The slow preparations of Russia resulted in the Ottoman concentration on Belgrade. The Austrians relied on Russian support in Moldavia, which only began in late 1788, and Joseph II seemed to have been reluctant to fight the Ottomans.〔 In July, the Ottomans crossed the Danube and broke into Austrian Banat.〔 Shortage of supplies struck both sides, while disease struck the Austrian soldiers.〔 As many as 50,000 Serb refugees flooded across the Danube, causing logistical problems for the Austrians.〔 In mid-August, Joseph II dispatched 20,400 soldiers into Banat.〔 A Serbian Free Corps of 5,000 soldiers had been established in Banat, composed of refugees that had fled earlier conflicts in the Ottoman Empire. The Corps would fight for liberation of Serbia and unification under Habsburg rule.〔 The Turks took the military initiative, driving back the Austrians from Mehadia and overrunning the Banat (1789). Later on, the balance shifted toward Austria: the Turks were expelled from the Banat and Bosnia, and Belgrade was taken in a three-week campaign by the aging Field Marshal Laudon.〔Britannica, 11th edition〕 Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1788–92) was established. The Austrian army also decisively participated in the victories of Focsani and Rymnik under the overall command of Suvorov and Josias of Saxe-Coburg conquered Bucharest.
On the Turkish side, the war was a disaster, due not to the losses of land to Austria (which were largely recovered in negotiation) but to the territorial gains of Austria's ally Russia; see Russo–Turkish War (1787–1792).
Emperor Leopold II, Joseph's successor, was compelled to end the war due to the threat of Prussian intervention in support of the Ottomans.〔Virginia Aksan, ''Ottoman Wars: An Empire Besieged'', (Taylor & Francis, 2007), 138.〕 In the final negotiated outcome at Sistova in Ottoman Bulgaria,〔Jeremy Black, ''British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions, 1783-1793'', (Cambridge University Press, 1994), 263.〕 Austria's gains were "meagre".〔 Austria returned all the territory from its conquests save the small town of Orsova and a strip of land near the Bosnian-Croatian border.〔Charles W. Ingrao, ''The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618-1815'', (Cambridge University Press, 2000), 210.〕
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